Modelling the introduction and transmission of Campylobacter in a North American chicken flock

Campylobacter is the second leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Although many food production animals carry Campylobacter as commensal bacteria, consumption of poultry is the main source of human infection. Previous research suggests that the biology of Campylobacter results in complete flock colonization within days. However, a recent systematic review found that the on-farm prevalence of Campylobacter varies widely, with some flocks reporting low prevalence. We hypothesized that the low prevalence of Campylobacter in some flocks may be driven by a delayed introduction of the pathogen. The objectives of this study were to (a) develop a deterministic compartmental model that represents the biology of Campylobacter, (b) identify the parameter values that best represent the natural history of the pathogen in poultry flocks and (c) examine the possibility that a delayed introduction of the pathogen is sufficient to replicate the observed low prevalence examples documented in the literature. A deterministic compartmental model was developed to examine the dynamics of Campylobacter in chicken flocks over a 56-day time period prior to movement to the abattoir. The model outcome of interest was the final population prevalence of Campylobacter at day 56. The resulting model that incorporated a high transmission rate (β = 1.04) was able to reproduce the wide range of prevalence estimates observed in the literature when pathogen introduction time is varied. Overall, we established that the on-farm transmission rate of Campylobacter in chickens is likely high and can result in complete colonization of a flock when introduced early. However, delaying the time at which the pathogen enters the flock can reduce the prevalence observed at 56 days. These results highlight the importance of enforcing strict biosecurity measures to prevent or delay the introduction of the bacteria to a flock.     

A gamete abortion locus detected by segregation distortion of isozyme locus Est-9 in wide crosses of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary A locus for male gamete abortion in hybrids for Japonica and Indica rice was identified with the aid of marker genes Rc and Est-9 on chromosome 7. In an Indica-Japonica cross, AKAMAI 1/IR50, the Indica allele Est-9 ² was transmitted via the male gamete with a ratio of 0.29 instead of the normal 0.5, whereas no segregation distortion was observed for the Rc locus. The recombination value (p) for Est-9 and Rc was estimated to be 0.38 by a least square method after adjusting Mendelian segregation ratios with the male transmission ratios of 0.29 (Tr) for Est-9 ² and 0.71 (1-Tr) for Est-9 ¹. The recombination value (q) for the new locus for male gamete abortion, ga-11, and Est-9 was estimated to be 0.23 by using 56 F₃ lines from F₂ plants which were heterozygous for the Est-9 locus. No linkage for Rc and ga-11 was found. Therefore, the two markers and ga-11 were located in the order of ga-11-Est-9-Rc. Using the estimated recombination value (q), the male transmission rate (k) of ga-11 ^a was estimated to be 0.11 with the F₂ data and-0.07 with the F₃ line data. Thus, it was apparent that male gametes possessing ga-11 ^a were frequently aborted in the Indica-Japonica hybrid.     

Study on Simulation of Contact Friction Condition of Continously Variable Transmission

As metal Belt CVT(Continuously Variable Trans mission) acts as a kind of friction transmission, friction coefficient is a key parameter of CVT. The friction characters of CVTF(Continuously Variable Transmission Fluid) are mainly determined by fluid and contact state. The contact between belt and pulley can be regarded as a kind of contact between cylinder and cone. As their contact line is short, the curvature change of pulley along the contact line can be neglected. Then the contact problem of belt and pulley was reasonably simplified as a contact between cylinder and cylinder. Under the state of equivalent maximum stress, the contact friction condition of metal belt and pulley was simulated by the contact of ring and block in Timken Friction Test Machine.     

6个枣品种枣疯病抗性与枣疯植原体迁移特性差异研究

【目的】探究6个枣树品种枣疯病抗性差异以及枣树体内植原体迁移特性差异,为抗枣疯病枣树品种的选择利用以及枣疯病的防治提供基础数据。【方法】通过采集携带植原体的鸡心脆枣接穗,嫁接到健康枣树砧木上,采用田间调查与普通PCR技术相结合方法,比较不同品种抗枣疯病情况与植原体在不同枣树品种中迁移情况。【结果】不同枣树品种发病时间不同,发病率差异显著,蜂蜜罐枣、尜尜枣和猴头枣为抗病类型,冬枣、红螺脆枣和鸡心脆枣为感病类型。植原体在不同枣树品种中迁移速度不同,植原体在鸡心脆枣和冬枣内迁移速度最快,其后依次为蜂蜜罐枣、红螺脆枣、尜尜枣,在猴头枣内迁移速度最慢。【结论】6个枣树品种中蜂蜜罐枣、尜尜枣和猴头枣表现一定的抗病能力,初步确认了植原体在不同枣树品种体内迁移特征的差异,可为抗枣疯病品种的选择利用和枣疯病防治提供科学依据。     

电控喷油器流量性能检测试验装置

设计的电控喷油器性能测试装置,可有效检测喷油器的主要性能指标,为提高发动机燃油动力性、经济性以及降低排放提供了技术支持。检测试验证明,该测试装置具有效率快、精度高、性能稳定的特点,具有实际应用价值。     

EQ6110客车电动AMT换挡策略

分析了客车换挡特点和原型车及C220发动机的特性，基于AVL Cruise软件建立了客车仿真模型，提出了适合于该客车电动式机械自动变速器换挡策略。仿真结果表明，在不降低原车动力性的条件下，设计的双参数换挡策略与单参数换挡相比可降低油耗2．4L／（100km），节油率达6．7％。单参数速度换挡仿真结果与试验结果基本一致，证明换挡策略是可信的。     

温室测控系统开关设备优化组合预测控制方法

考虑开关设备组合作用下温室测控系统的非线性动态特性,提出了结构简单、不需复杂数值计算的离散预测模型,在不小于最大时滞时域内设备组合不变情况下,对设备组合进行滚动优化预测控制,从而大大简化了温室测控系统预测控制算法的复杂性,缓解了测控系统分布大时滞问题。仿真分析和温度的均方差表明,对分布式、大时延温室测控系统的优化组合预测控制方法是有效的。     

工程机械新型传动系统的特性分析

介绍了静液压传动这一新型动力传动系统的特点.通过详细分析该系统液压元件类型的选择、排量与传动变速比关系及该类系统特性参数之间的关系,得出了在实际使用中,为了保证工程机械在大功率工况下,不降低经常工况的效率,提高传动变速比与其它传动形式的匹配方案.通过对匹配方案的分析为工程车辆的开发设计提供理论基础和方法.     

健康黑松幼苗中的电波传递

以健康黑松(Pinus thunbergii)幼苗为材料,用非伤害性刺激,如冷冻和伤害性刺激,如：烧伤、刺伤、化学伤害等引发了植物体内的波形的变化,研究表明,非伤害性刺激能在幼苗体内引起动作电波的传递,伤害性刺激除了能引起动作电波的传递外,还能引起较为复杂的变异电波的传递并对这种现象进行了讨论。图4参28。